Everyone’s a Critic

I recently wrote an article at Tortdeform.com criticizing "loser pays." The gist of the article is that if fairness requires applying it to civil law, so too does fairness require it be applied to criminal law. Besides the usual rogues' gallery of critics at Tortdeform, I discovered another critic, Jonathan B. Wilson. He begins his attack with:

"Justinian's first post is noteworthy for making one of the least-informed arguments ever against tort reform."

I suspect he disagrees with me. Since his site doesn't have the ability for me to comment there, I'll respond here and email Mr. Wilson to invite him to respond in the comments thread.

"The problem is that Justinian devotes the remainder of his post to the argument that, for a loser-pays rule to work, it would have to be applied to criminal cases as well.

 This argument is not only factually wrong, but misunderstands the distinction between civil and criminal law in our litigation system and adopts a "straw man" view of the loser-pays rule that has never been adopted by any responsible advocate on the tort reform side of the equation."

Actually, I said for "loser pays" to be fair, it should be applied to criminal law as well – not just for it "to work." For those too lazy to read the original post, I listed a litany of reasons why instituting "loser pays" in the criminal world would be a very bad idea, and extrapolated the consequences to the civil world. I oppose applying it to either.

"Our civil law exists to right wrongs between private parties, primarily through money damages.  Our criminal law exists to punish criminal offenses and to deter crime, largely through the imposition of incarceration."

I'll assume that Mr. Wilson's failure to list the deterrent effects of the civil justice system and of punitive damages was purely an oversight. If I'm incorrect and his omission was intentional, I hope he'll explain why.

"The differences between the two legal systems (which Justinian will, we hope, explore during his first year of law school) are legion, beginning with the matter in which cases are commenced (civil complaint versus indictment) to the standard of proof applicable at trial (simple preponderance versus clear-and-convincing) to the standard of review on appeal."

Neither the burden of proof nor the manner in which cases are commenced are relevant to the fairness of a "loser pays" rule. The principle behind "loser pays" is that a person who didn't commit a tort shouldn't have to pay the legal costs incurred defending himself in that case. I used a specific example in my article to illustrate the point: If an individual sues me for negligent driving, and I was not negligent, "loser pays" would force the plaintiff to reimburse my legal costs. If I should be refunded those legal costs, why I shouldn't also be refunded my legal costs if I'm prosecuted for drunk driving if I was not in fact drunk? Whether a prosecutor or a plaintiff forced me to spend money makes no difference to my bank account. Either way, I'm forced to spend money to defend myself against false accusations. If I spend myself into bankruptcy in a criminal case and am then acquitted, I'm no better off than a defendant who spends himself into bankruptcy in a civil case who also prevails.

If the purpose of "loser pays" is to compensate a person wrongfully accused, it is only fair to apply that protection to wrongfully-accused criminal defendants. That is what "loser pays" is supposed to do, isn't it – compensate individuals who were wrongfully accused?

Or is it really designed to both punish those who wrongfully accuse and to deter others from accusing at all?

Comments

[Jonathan B. Wilson]

I have posted a full reply on my site (http://www.jonathanbwilson.com/_arch.html#) but can paraphase it here.

Your central premise - that fairness would require a criminal loser-pays rule if society adopted a civil loser-pays rule - is a straw man.

The two ideas may look similar, but they are actually quite different when you compare the motivations behind the actors in civil litigation versus criminal litigation.

A civil loser-pays rule is desirable because it would improve the economic efficiency of the litigation system. Improving those efficiencies will ultimately result in loser prices for consumers as costs are driven out of the business cycle.

A criminal loser-pays rule would benefit wealth defendants to the detriment of poorer defendants and would do nothing to improve the economic efficiency of the system.

Your premise is a slippery one -- and I give you credit for that -- but it should not persuade a careful reader against the civil loser-pays rule.

[Justinian Lane]

I appreciate your straightforward response, both here and on your own site.

If this is an incorrect interpretation of your argument, please let me know:

While it isn't fair for a civil defendant to have to pay legal costs in a case in which he or she isn't at fault, fairness to the defendant is only a collateral benefit to enacting loser pays. The real benefit will be the deterrent effect it will have against frivolous lawsuits, and the concomitant improvements in the economic efficiency of society as a whole.

If that's the case, wouldn't "loser pays" be just as effective if the loser were forced to remit the winner's legal costs to the court or to the state? Whether the loser has to pay X number of dollars to the court or to the state should not decrease the deterrent effect of "loser pays." In fact, such an arrangement would also discourage litigants from running up needlessly large legal bills for malicious purposes. (An example of what I mean is described here: http://www.tortdeform.com/archives/2006/10/loser_pays_doesnt.html)

In the coming weeks, I'll be posting additional criticisms of "loser pays" at Tortdeform.com, and I do hope you'll take a look. I'm going to see if my local Barnes and Noble stocks your book, as I'd like to read how you envision the "loser pays" rule to operate.

[Jonathan B. Wilson]

I'm afraid there's still a little confusion here.

My point was that your original argument (fairness requires that if we enact civil loser pays we must also enact criminal loser pays) was inapposite.

My reasons for this conclusion were:

1. Fairness is too subjective a concept to apply in this context.

2. A civil loser pays rule is desirable because it eliminates an economically inefficient incentive that exists in the current system.

3. Eliminating economic inefficiencies in the system advances the common good because it will drive down the cost of goods and services (making goods and services cheaper to consumers).

4. A criminal loser-pays rule is an interesting idea, but would be a very different creature than a civil loser-pays rule. Civil litigants are motivated by hopes of financial recovery. Prosecutors in the criminal system are not motivated by financial recovery, but rather should be motivated by the public's interest in law enforcement. For that reason, the deterrent effect that civil loser-pays would apply to a plaintiff would be inappropriate to apply to a public prosecutor. (Would you want a prosecutor to hesitate to prosecute a rich man for insider trading because of the rich defenant's ability to defend himself and instead only prosecute the poor? Of course not. Ideally prosecutors should pursue criminal defendants without regard to the defendants' means.)

Nevertheless, you raise an interesting point: what if a civil loser-pays rule applied so that the loser paid the winner's attorneys' fees to the state?

I think you're right that the civil deterrence effect would still apply: a losing plaintiff would not care if he paid the defendant's fees to the defendant or to the state.

However, your version of the rule would lose some of the benefits I describe in my book: where the loser-pays rule goes both ways, defendants are also motivated to make early settlement offers to meritorious plaintiffs in order to reduce their overall exposure. Having the winners' attorneys' fees paid to the state eliminates that part of the calculus and would be only slightly better than the status quo.

My book, Out of Balance: Prescriptions for Reforming the American Litigation System, it is hard to find on the shelves of most book retailers. The best way to get a copy is to order online through Barnes & Noble or Amazon. And remember, it makes a great stocking stuffer!

[Justinian Lane]

If we can agree (and it sounds like we can) that fairness to defendants is not a compelling reason to enace "loser pays" then we can make some progress.

First, I'm not sure if I understand why a defendant wouldn't be motivated to make an early settlement offer to the plaintiff who brought a meritorious case under the rule I describe. As you said, "a losing plaintiff would not care if he paid the defendant's fees to the defendant or to the state." Why doesn't that work the other way around?

Another concern I have are cases in which more is at stake than the instant matter. For example, I think it's a safe bet that Merck spent a considerable amount of money on its first Vioxx case, under the assumption that a win would deter future lawsuits. It's not outside the realm of possibility that some defendants would be willing to spend more than the plaintiff is seeking. Do you have any suggestions on how to ensure "loser pays" doesn't make one party pay for an opponent's legal strategy outside of the case?

I think I will go ahead and order your book... although I personally don't know anyone who would come close to appreciating it as a stocking stuffer. Most people I know get a glazed look in their eye when I start prattling on about tort reform. :)

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